| Abstract | Ultrafine carbonaceous particles are produced in hydrocarbon flames and fires and have significant impact on health, environment, and climate. This chapter is dedicated to the formation mechanism, main physical and chemical processes, types, and morphological and optical properties of carbonaceous particles generated in hydrocarbon flames and fires. It starts by discussing the main physical and chemical processes involved during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Then, an overview of the important effects of fuel type and combustion condition on soot formation is presented. The morphology and optical properties of the main types of carbonaceous particles produced in flames and fires are discussed with an emphasis on mature fractal-like soot aggregates. The implications of different types of carbonaceous particles to their optical diagnostics are also briefly discussed. |
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