| Abstract | Black carbon (BC) particles are responsible for substantial radiative heating of the atmosphere. However, the climate-relevant properties of BC particles in the free troposphere (FT) are poorly constrained over longer time scales. Here, we report on in situ, intensive field campaigns deploying a single-particle soot photometer during summer and winter seasons at the Jungfraujoch (3,580 m a.s.l., Switzerland), a site often located in the lower FT. The refractory BC (rBC) mass size distribution was very stable across the two seasons. BC was generally internally mixed (i.e., heavily coated with other aerosol material) in summer. However, against general expectations, BC was predominantly externally mixed in winter, with a high occurrence of negligibly-to-thinly coated BC. This strong seasonality in lower-FT BC mixing state has not been previously observed and would substantially influence the lifetime, loading, and climate effects of free-tropospheric BC. Future measurements should investigate the generality of these results. |
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