| Abstract | There is currently a lack of adequate understanding of soot formation in flames fueled with liquid hydrocarbons at elevated pressures. In this study, laminar coflow n-heptane and toluene doped CH4/air diffusion flames were numerically investigated under a constant carbon mass flow rate at pressures between 2 and 8 atm to understand how pressure affects the sooting propensity of these two main components of surrogate fuels mimicking gasoline. Numerical simulations were performed using a detailed reaction mechanism containing 175 species and 1175 reactions and a sectional soot model. Soot inception is modeled by collisions among pyrene, BAPYR and BGHIF. Soot surface growth and oxidation are modeled using the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism as well as PAH surface condensation. The predicted sensitivity of soot production to pressure is in better agreement with the measurements of Daca and Gülder (2017) when the soot aging effect is considered in HACA surface growth. The predicted soot concentrations are in overall good agreement with measurements. Propargyl recombination and propargyl reaction with propyne are important pathways for the formation of benzene. In methane+toluene flames, attack of toluene by H radical is an effective benzene formation pathway low in the flame, but the relative importance of benzene formation from toluene is reduced with increasing pressure. Although all the soot formation processes are enhanced with increasing pressure, PAH condensation is enhanced the most, followed by HACA and inception. At 6 and 8 atm, PAH condensation becomes comparable to HACA. The pressure dependence of the sooting propensity follows the order of methane+toluene < methane+n-heptane < methane, consistent with measurements. This result can be explained by the pressure dependence of benzene formation pathways, the kinetic effect of pressure, and the scrubbing effect of soot production on the gas-phase species involved in soot formation. |
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