| Abstract | A study of flowing crushed ice behaviour is described in this paper. Extrusion of crushed ice often occurs during ice indentation. An understanding of this problem is needed in order to determine the stress distribution between indentor and ice. The experiments examined two-dimensional flow between two converging flat platens. Local and average normal stresses, as well as displacements were measured. Flow patterns were also observed through transparent side walls. The study examined the role of platen surface roughness, ice particle size distribution and velocity. Stresses were found to depend strongly on current layer thickness, and the spatial stress distributions had pointed and concave shapes with slope discontinuities at the centre. These results are very different from what is predicted from modelling crushed ice as a linear viscous material. The measurements were also sensitive to platen surface roughness. For the present range of test parameters, velocity and particles size showed negligible influence on the results. |
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