| Abstract | The paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of rubble ice pile-up along a shoreline or against a shore-protection breakwater. The simulations detail the evolution of sail and keel geometry, and the pile-up of the ice rubble as it interacts with the structure. A numerical model of floating ice movements and deformation is used. The model is based on the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) approach, combined with a viscous plastic ice rheology. The PIC model is semi-Lagrangian. It is based on using discrete particles to model ice advection, while solving the momentum equations over an Eulerian grid. In the present paper, the depth-averaged PIC model is described, and used to predict ice pile-up heights, grounding and pressure on four different shoreline slopes. The results show that pile-up height and depth can grow to reach maximum values. Those maximum dimensions depend upon the slope of the shoreline. The numerical results are compared to field observations. A parametric study also determined the influence of ice thickness and ice properties. |
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